The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following footnotes (directly referenced) and sources (used for general research and not directly referenced):
"New D.A.R.E.: Substance Abuse and Violence Prevention Inside the 21st Century School House," www.tennessee.gov, July 20, 2004
"The D.A.R.E. Mission," www.dare.com (accessed Feb. 4, 2010)
Edward Shepard, PhD, "A New Study Finds... We Wasted Billions on D.A.R.E.," ReconsiDer Quarterly, Winter 2001-2002
Dennis Rosenbaum, PhD, "Just Say No to D.A.R.E.," Criminology & Public Policy, Nov. 29, 2007
"Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General," Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health & Human Services website, 2001
Zili Sloboda, ScD, et al., "The Adolescent Substance Abuse Prevention Study: A Randomized Field Trial of a Universal Substance Abuse Prevention Program," Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Jan. 21, 2009
"Study Shows New DARE Program Helps Youths Decide against Using Drugs," Press Release, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation website, Oct. 29, 2002
"The New D.A.R.E. Junior High/Middle School Curriculum," www.dare.org (accessed Jan. 22, 2010)
Sarah Birkeland, et al., "Good Reasons for Ignoring Good Evaluation: The Case of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Program," Evaluation and Program Planning, Aug. 2005
Dennis Rosenbaum, PhD, and Gordon Hanson, PhD, "Assessing the Effects of School-based Drug Education: A 6-year Multilevel Analysis of Project D.A.R.E.," Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Nov. 1998
Julie Sherwood, "The DARE Debate," Daily Messenger, Aug. 10, 2008
"Exemplary and Promising Safe, Disciplined, and Drug-Free Schools Programs 2001," US Department of Education website, Apr. 2001
"National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices," Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website (accessed Feb. 2, 2010)
Kate Zernike, "Antidrug Program Says It Will Adopt a New Strategy," New York Times, Feb. 15, 2001
"Keepin' It REAL," National Registry of Evidence Programs and Practices (NREPP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website, Dec. 2006
"Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program: Notice of Final Principles of Effectiveness," Department of Education website, June 1, 1998
Augustine Hammond, PhD, et al., "Do Adolescents Perceive Police Officers as Credible Instructors of Substance Abuse Prevention Programs?" Health Education Research, Aug. 2008
"D.A.R.E.: Drug Abuse Resistance Education: National Client Survey 2007," Royal Canadian Mounted Police Survey, www.dare.com, 2007
"National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse XI: Teens and Parents," National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University website, Aug. 2006
Lloyd D. Johnston, PhD, et al., "Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, Overview of Key Findings, 2008," monitoringthefuture.org, May 2009
"Exposure to Substance Use Prevention Messages and Substance Use among Adolescents: 2002 to 2007," National Survey on Drug Use and Health: The NSDUH Report, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website, Apr. 2, 2009
Marjorie E. Kanof, "Youth Illicit Drug Use Prevention: DARE Long-Term Evaluations and Federal Efforts to Identify Effective Programs," US Government Accountability Office website, Jan. 15, 2003
Sources:
Brian Braiker, "'Just Say Know': An Advocate of Drug Law Reform Says D.A.R.E. Is a 20-year Old Failure," Newsweek. Apr. 15, 2003
Richard Clayton, PhD, et al., ?The Effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (Project D.A.R.E.): 5-year Follow Up Results," Preventative Medicine, May 1996
Susan Ennett, PhD, et al., "How Effective Is Drug Abuse Resistance Education? A Meta-Analysis of Project DARE Outcome Evaluations," American Journal of Public Health, Sep. 1994
Allison Gruner Gandhi, PhD, et al., ?The Devil Is in the Details: Examining the Evidence for 'Proven' School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention Programs," Evaluation Review, Feb. 2007
Don C. Des Jarlais, PhD, et al., "Diffusion of the D.A.R.E. and Syringe Exchange Programs," American Journal of Public Health, Aug. 2006
Lloyd D. Johnston, PhD, et al., "Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2008: Vol. 1: Secondary School Students," monitoringthefuture.org, Sep. 2009
Wayne L. Lucas, PhD, "Parents' Perceptions of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program (DARE)," Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, Aug. 2008
Jeffrey C. Merrill, MPH, et al., "Substance Abuse Prevention Infrastructure: A Survey-based Study of the Organizational Structure and Function of the D.A.R.E. Program," Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, Sep. 6, 2006
David Miller, "DARE Reinvents Itself - with Help from Its Social-Scientist Critics," Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 19, 2001
"Overview: Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools," OSDFS website (accessed Jan. 18, 2010)
Christopher Ringwalt, DrPH, et al., "Past and Future Directions of the D.A.R.E. Program: An Evaluation Review," Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice website, Sep. 1994
"The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee Meeting," US Department of Education website, Aug. 21-22, 2006
Dennis L. Thombs, PhD, "Retrospective Study of DARE: Substantive Effects not Detected in Undergraduates," Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, Fall 2000
Carol Hischon Weiss, PhD, et al., ?An Alternate Route to Policy Influence: How Evaluations Affect DARE,? American Journal of Evaluation, Mar. 2005
Steven West, PhD, and Keri K. O'Neal, PhD, "Project D.A.R.E. Outcome Effectiveness Revisited," American Journal of Public Health, June 2004
